Nutrigenómica, obesidad y salud pública / Nutrigenomics, obesity and public health

El desarrollo de la genómica funcional en los próximosaños condicionará cambios en el conocimiento teórico y lapráctica clínica de la nutrición. La posibilidad de determinar elperfil genético de un individuo (variaciones genéticas y modificacionesepigenéticas) y de conseguir la integración de estosdatos en una compleja red de interacciones metabólicas constituyeun desafío sin precedentes en la nutrición humana. Laaplicación práctica del conocimiento científico puro derivadode la nutrigenómica, en términos de prevención y tratamientode la obesidad, la DM2 y las enfermedades cardiovasculares, ysus implicaciones en la salud pública, son en este momentotodavía indeterminadas. La posibilidad de una intervenciónnutricional en periodos críticos del desarrollo y la capacidadde modificar la susceptibilidad genética a ciertas enfermedadesa través de la alimentación es el gran reto de la nutrigenómica,más allá del diseño de dietas o alimentos funcionales“personalizados”(AU)

Functional genomics will change knowledge and practicein clinical nutrition in the forthcoming years. The possibilityof performing an individual’s genetic profile (geneticvariations and epigenetic modifications) as well as the abilityof its integration in a complex network of metabolicinteractions represents a huge challenge in Human Nutrition.The influence of nutrigenomics in terms of prevention andtreatment of chronic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetesand cardiovascular disease in a population level remainsundetermined for the moment. The opportunity of nutritionalintervention in critical stages of development and the chanceof changing genetic susceptibility to diseases through diet in aPublic Health basis should lead the future of nutrigenomicsbeyond the mere design of “personalized” functional food ordiets(AU)

[Nutrigenomics, obesity and public health]. / Nutrigenómica, obesidad y salud pública.

Functional genomics will change knowledge and practice in clinical nutrition in the forthcoming years. The possibility of performing an individual's genetic profile (genetic variations and epigenetic modifications) as well as the ability of its integration in a complex network of metabolic interactions represents a huge challenge in Human Nutrition. The influence of nutrigenomics in terms of prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in a population level remains undetermined for the moment. The opportunity of nutritional intervention in critical stages of development and the chance of changing genetic susceptibility to diseases through diet in a Public Health basis should lead the future of nutrigenomics beyond the mere design of "personalized" functional food or diets.

[New approaches in obesity treatment: the gastrointestinal tract as an endocrine organ]. / Nuevas perspectivas en el tratamiento de la obesidad: el aparato digestivo como órgano endocrino.

The gastrointestinal tract, besides digesting and processing nutrients, is now regarded as an endocrine organ able to modulate appetite, satiety, and carbohydrate metabolism. Several enteroendocrine cells produce numerous peptides codifying either orexigenic (ghrelin, orexins) or anorexigenic signals (pancreatic polypeptide, peptide YY, cholecystokinin, amylin, bombesin homologs, apolipoprotein A-IV, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide 1, oxyntomodulin), which interact in a complex network with other peripheral signals of energy balance and with different neuropeptides involved in the central control of appetite and energy homeostasis. The growing knowledge of the actions of these gastrointestinal peptides on appetite regulation and carbohydrate metabolism, and subsequent synthesis of analogs, particularly those derived from amylin and incretins, herald a new era in the therapy of 2 closely related diseases, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Nuevas perspectivas en el tratamiento de la obesidad: el aparato digestivo como órgano endocrino / New approaches in obesity treatment: the gastrointestinal tract as an endocrine organ

El aparato digestivo, más allá de la digestión y absorción de nutrientes, es un órgano endocrino modulador del apetito, la saciedad y el metabolismo hidrocarbonado mediante la producción, por parte de diversas células enteroendocrinas, de numerosos péptidos codificadores de señales orexígenas (ghrelina, orexinas) o anorexígenas (polipéptido pancreático, péptido YY, colecistoquinina, amilina, homólogos de bombesina, apolipoproteína A-IV, polipéptido insulinotrópico dependiente de la glucosa, péptido similar al glucagón tipo 1, oxintomodulina). El conocimiento de las acciones reguladoras del apetito y el metabolismo energético de estos péptidos, a través de su compleja interacción con otras señales periféricas (leptina, adiponectina) y con distintos neuropéptidos centrales, así como la síntesis de análogos, en especial los derivados de la amilina e incretinas, proporciona nuevos enfoques terapéuticos para 2 trastornos íntimamente relacionados: la obesidad y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2

The gastrointestinal tract, besides digesting and processing nutrients, is now regarded as an endocrine organ able to modulate appetite, satiety, and carbohydrate metabolism. Several enteroendocrine cells produce numerous peptides codifying either orexigenic (ghrelin, orexins) or anorexigenic signals (pancreatic polypeptide, peptide YY, cholecystokinin, amylin, bombesin homologs, apolipoprotein A-IV, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide 1, oxyntomodulin), which interact in a complex network with other peripheral signals of energy balance and with different neuropeptides involved in the central control of appetite and energy homeostasis. The growing knowledge of the actions of these gastrointestinal peptides on appetite regulation and carbohydrate metabolism, and subsequent synthesis of analogs, particularly those derived from amylin and incretins, herald a new era in the therapy of 2 closely related diseases, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus